ECG measures the electrical activity at the body surface and graphically represents depolarization and repolarization of cardiac muscle. It provides...
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ARTIFACTS IN ULTRASONOGRAPHY
I was a participant at the ultrasound course, where Pete Mantis said to us, that he is not going to...
Anesthesia
BREED CONSIDERATIONS FOR GENERAL ANESTHESIA
Scientific evidence supports only one breed-specific sensitivity to particular anesthetic drugs: greyhounds. But although other breeds may not have a...
Anesthesia
ASSESSMENT OF ACUTE PERIOPERATIVE PAIN
Does it happen to you, that a client says: »No, my pet is not in pain. It never cries.« I...
Clinical pathology
POLYCYTHEMIA
Polycythemia is an increase of circulating erythrocytes, manifested as above the reference values increased packed cell volume (PCV/hematocrit), red cell...
Clinical pathology
SERUM VITAMIN B12 (CYANOCOBALAMIN/COBALAMIN) AND FOLATE FOR EVALUATING INTESTINAL FUNCTION
In dogs and cats with unexplained weight loss or chronic small intestinal diarrhoea, serum vitamin B12 and folate concentrations may...
Dermatology
BASIC DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES IN DERMATOLOGY – USING YOUR MICROSCOPE
I believe that no dermatological examination should pass without doing basic in-house cutaneous cytology. Your microscope is a relatively simple...
Neurology
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ANALYSIS
CSF analysis is an important diagnostic tool in the investigation of neurological patients, but there are limitations to it. The...
Neurology
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID COLLECTION (CSF TAP)
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an ultra-filtrate of plasma, produced mostly by the choroid plexi within the ventricular system. It...
Radiography
BASIC RADIOGRAPHY OF THE ABDOMEN
Abdominal radiography is indicated for primary abdominal diseases and other disorders which may involve, or extend into the abdomen. It...
Radiography
BASIC RADIOGRAPHY OF THE THORAX
Thoracic radiography is an essential diagnostic technique for the diagnosis of intrathoracic and some systemic diseases. It is also one...
Clinical pathology
MORPHOLOGIC RBC ABNORMALITIES IN DOGS AND CATS – PART 2
We are continuing the last topic, where one important type of morphologic changes was missing. 😊 ERYTHROCYTE SHAPE Any variation...